The Saudi-Pakistani defense pact: strategic ambiguity returns – ExBulletin
When Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif signed the Saudi-Pakistan Strategic Mutual Defense Agreement (SMDA) in September 2025, the moment was seen as a turning point in Pakistan-Gulf relations. The agreement formalized decades of de facto security cooperation between the two capitals that have long behaved more like brothers than ordinary bilateral partners. It also came at a politically charged time -…
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